11/28

In class on 11-28-11. We started a NEW UNIT!! The new unit we are starting is about Meiosis, Genetics, and Genetic Technology. The way we started the new unit out was to compare and contrast Meiosis to Mitosis or review the phases of Meiosis (this was homework over thanksgiving break).

Today in class we took notes on Meiosis. Mrs. Stein asked us a question she said What is the goal of Meiosis? The goal of Meiosis is making the egg and sperm cell.

There are 23 pairs of homologous cells. In total there are 46. Each pair comes from your parents. Cells with a double set of chromosome are diploid (2n). Cells with one set of chromosomes are haploid (n). In Meiosis the chromosomes are haploiod. A haploid has half the number of chromosomes.

Where does Meiosis occur? Meiosis occurs in the ovary and testes.



Our body cells are diploid cells (2N) 2N=46 N=23


Gametes are sex cells and they are haploid. The fertilization restores the diploid state (N+N=2N).
Zygote is a fertilized egg (2N).

This is a picture of Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
In Meiosis I there is Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I and Telophase I. Then in Meiosis II the cells is formed a clevlege. The end result is Cytoskinesis and 4 cells are created. In this picture there is 2 cell divisions-Meiosis I and II.

The homework for today 11-28-11 was to read 11.4 with double bubble map or flow map (your choice).
Unit Packet 13-14-READ/COLOR/ANOTATE.

Next scribe is JessicaB :).

How DNA was discovered!

Heres a 20 minute video about how James Watson discovered DNA! Told from the man himself!

http://www.ted.com/talks/james_watson_on_how_he_discovered_dna.html

Thanks to Jack G for reminding me!

Friday, 11/18

In class on Friday, we did a lab regarding protein synthesis. The point of the lab was to understand the roles of mRNA(messenger RNA) and tRNA(translation RNA) in protein synthesis. To help our understanding, we constructed a model of protein synthesis. FIrst, we built two stands of DNA. Then we separated the two stands and built the corresponding strand of mRNA (using uracil instead of thymine). After that, we separated the mRNA strands form the DNA strands and made a codon of the mRNA strand, or the tRNA strand. Then we attached an amino acid to the right tRNA molecule by it's R-group. DNA polymerase is the enzyme needed for DNA replication. The enzyme used to build mRNA and tRNA is RNA polymerase.

The two steps in protein synthesis are transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and forms mRNA strands from one of the strands of DNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm on a ribosome and the codons of mRNA (tRNA) are translated into amino acids to form proteins.

Our homework for this weekend was to finish UP 23-28, UP 39-40 (online), UP 15-20, read section 13.3, and finish our tribune article, all due on Monday.

Don't forget to study for the unit test this Tuesday! 


Next scribe will be Elizabeth.

EXTRA CREDIT!

Alright guys... 2 extra credit opportunities!

Click on this link and answer the following questions.

1. What color is the RNA backbone in this activity?

2. What 3 amino acids make up the polypeptide chain at the end of the protein synthesis activity?

First 4 people to email me the answers will get extra credit!

Opportunity #2... click on this link, enter in your FULL name... and complete the 'quiz'. You will get extra credit based on your score. This opportunity will expire on Sunday at midnight!

11/16

Today in class we went over our homework from last night which was the Double Bubble Map for DNA vs. RNA.

Then for the rest of the period we went over protein synthesis. We took notes on this during class and Mrs. Stein put up the notes on Moodle. We only took notes on the first two slides in the powerpoint. If you are a person that likes having organized notes, then read through the rest of the slides in the powerpoint. These are the two slides we took notes on:

There are two parts to protein synthesis: transcription and translation. Mrs. Stein had us draw this picture. It represents the whole process of protein synthesis. As you can see transcription happens in the nucleus and translation happens in the cytoplasm on a ribosome.

Here is a picture that represents what happens in the translation process more clearly. In translation, mRNA attaches to a ribosome. A tRNA carries only ONE amino acid. In the picture, the cloves shape is the tRNA and the little circle that it is holding represents the amino acid. The anticodon on the tRNA matches with the codon on the mRNA. Once the tRna has finished, it LEAVES the ribosome. All the amino acids join into a long chain called a polypeptide. This long polypeptide is what makes PROTEIN. Remember: Amino acids MAKE UP protein.

HOMEWORK: 1) 13.1 & 13.2 Flow Map of Protein Synthesis is due TOMORROW! If you need help use Moodle because Mrs. Stein put up some animations that are very helpful.


2) Tribune Article due Monday 11/21


3) There will be a test on Tuesday 11/22 on everything that we have covered in this chapter. Use your objectives to help you study!


The next scribe will be Andrijana.

Class 9/15

Today at the beginning of class we handed in UP 7-14. Then, we had a reading check on the reading from last night, which was 12.3. After the reading check we took some notes. Below are the notes we took today.

DNA & CHROMOSOMES: LARGEST- Chromosome (46)

Gene: segment of DNA which codes for protein.

Double Helix

SMALLEST- nucleotides (sugar-dexoyribose, phosphate, nitrogen bases)

DNA REPLICATION:

~During S-phase of interphase

-2 copies needed for mitosis

~Each strand serves as a template for the new strand

~produces 2 identical DNA molecules

~semi-conservative replication: each new molecule contains one old strand and one new

Here are some links to help with these notes:

http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~biology/teaching/genetics/animations/transcription.htm

http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Grolier_Anims/DNA.htm

Homework:

1. Read 13.1-Double Bubble Map: DNA vs. RNA- due tomorrow (11/16)

2. Read 13.1 and 13.2- Flow Map: "Protein Synthesis"- due Thursday

3. Tribune Article- due Monday

4. Unit Test- Tuesday

The next scribe will be GABBY

Class 9/15

Scribe 11/14

At the start of class today our UP pages 7 and 8 were checked. They will be turned in tomorrow along with pages 9-14. Tonight you will also read 12.3 in the textbook. Due on monday is the Tribune article and tuesday will be our unit test.

Today in class we did a lab that can be found on UP pages 13 and 14. We were instructed to create a strand of DNA based on the code it gave us for the left strand. When we completed the 9 rung ladder of DNA it should look like this:

Then you were to duplicate the DNA strand and should come out with two identical DNA ladders.

Sribe for 11/10/11

Even though the class period was about 40 minutes long, we covered a lot of stuff in class.

HOMEWORK:
-Read and Understand UP 11-14 (lab)

-UP 7-8

-Make magazine article or tribune (Due: 11/21)

CLASS ACTIVITY:

We went to our lab groups to discuss the following terms: DNA, Protein, Gene, Nitrogen Base, Phosphate, Nucichleotide, Structure. We took this words and explained them by writing up a paragraph to define all of them. All the groups presented their paragraph in class and were judged by mrs. Stein on how well they were defined in the paragraph. Then when comparing everyones performance, she found the word gene, as she expected to be the one that everyone didn't do so well on. This brings us to the question:

What the definition of a Gene?

INCORRECT ANSWER: "things that make up who we are"
CORRECT: Segment (unit) of DNA which codes for proteins...these proteins determine our traits.

CLASS NOTES:

DNA- deoxribonucleic acid

SLIDES

DNA STRUCTURE AND COMPONENTS

*Double Helix- 2 strands form a twisted ladder
*Subunits of nucleotides contain:
- Sugar
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogen group
*Backbone ("uprights") made of deoxyribose and phosphate

NITROGEN BASES

*Purines- 2 rings
- Adenine
- Guanine
*Pyrimidines- 1 ring
-Thymine
-Cytosine
*Order of the bases contains the "code"to make proteins

scribe for 11/8!

Today in class, we discussed our last disease of the day. The disease was lyme disease. The agent of this disease is bacteria. The vector of this disease is the mosquito. Then, for the rest of class we reviewed for the TEST TOMORROW. We went over the quiz we took yesterday, and watched a

few short clips to review. The review session for our disease and immunity test will be

tomorrow morning, so make sure you try to make it of you have any questions!

Also, don't forget to check out the muddiest points, and make sure you've posted your comments!

STUDY STUDY STUDY! Check the moodle page to review with animations that Mrs. Stein

has posted! Good luck tomorrow!

Muddiest point

My muddiest point is what is the diff between B and T cells?

GabbyM's Muddiest Point

I have already posted a muddiest point but while I was reviewing for the test right now I found that I don't understand the difference between a phagocyte and a macrophage. Is there a difference or are they the same thing. Help is appreciated!!

JoeM's Muddiest Point

I'm confused about the difference between memory and helper cells!

BreckM's Muddiest point

I am having trouble remembering the different types of T-cells. What are the different types and what do they do?

thanks!

Muddiest Point- Sammy K

I'm really confused on what the helper t-cell's job is and what happens in cell mediated immunity

Muddiest Point

I am having trouble on what Cell-Mediated Immunity

Answer to Sara Ps Muddiest Point

Yes there are three types Fever, Inflammatory Responce and Interferons.

Scribe 11/7

Today in class on 11/7 we received stamps on our homework from the weekend, UP 32, 37-42 and we were also supposed to read 35.4. We also took a quiz on some terms from the reading and things we have gone over in class the previous week. After the quiz we took a few notes on Acquired Immunity. Then, we ended the class with a movie clip on Malaria.

Acquired Immunity can either be active or passive. During active immunity your body produces antibodies and it can do this is two ways. One, with a vaccination, when a weaker form of a pathogen in injected to your body. Two, you can be exposed to a disease. During passive immunity antibodies can also be obtained in two ways. One, antibodies can be injected into your body. Two, they can be obtained through breast milk. Passive immunity is always temporary.

At the end of class we watched a clip on Malaria. Malaria is a microscopic protist that transforms to invade red blood cells. Eventually the red blood cells burst. Around 80 to 90% of children have Malaria in Africa. Malaria is spread through bites from mosquitos.

The HOMEWORK tonight is to start preparing for the test on Wednesday.

THE NEXT SCRIBE IS BRECK MURPHY!!

AndyD Muddiest Point

What is the main difference between T cells and B cells? Thanks for your help!

Muddiest point

I don't understand how antigens can mutate can anyone help?

Muddiest Point

My muddiest point is for nonspecific defenses, when the second line of defense comes into action are there specific defenses? For example, for first line defense there are things like the skin, cilia and tears, saliva, etc. What are examples of second line? If there are any.

Thanks

muddiest point

my muddiest point is understanding antigens, i understand what they do but not how they do it.

11/4/11 Scribe

Today in class, we learned how to read a certain type of graph. Also we learned exactly how a T cell kills an infected cell and the process of it.

We also learned a little about APC

APC means Antigen Presenting cell.

Our homework is in the unit packet, pages 32, and pages 37-42 also to read 35.4

The next scribe will be SARAH

Muddiest point

What are the main differences between b cells and t cells

Muddiest Point

What are the main difference between b cells and t cells? Also how do you identify what type of t cell it is

Muddiest Point

My muddiest point is what the different types of T cells do

Muddiest Point- PatrykS

My muddiest point is i don't know what the difference is between bacteriophage and prophage and what they both do or mean?

Muddiest point

My muddiest point is antibiotics what does it do does it attack the infected cell or the pathogens

Muddiest Point

Im still confused about the difference between the B cells and T cells

Paul s muddiest point

My current confusion in unit 4 is how infectious disease has to do with global warming and local habitat disruption. If anyone can help me out that would be great.
Thanks,
Paul s

Muddiest Point 11/5

I have a couple of muddiest points. First, on the objectives page number 8. Describe how the immune system reacts when the disease AIDS or H5N1 is contracted and its effect on the immune system. Include: Infection, Effect on the viruses on cells, Spread of the Disease, and Treatment and prevention for the Disease. When it says describe how it reacts when the disease is contracted, does that just mean how it occurs or how it is diagnosed?

Also, number 9. Explain how the following impact infectious disease: global warming and local habitat disruption, overpopulation and urbanization, and poverty and quality of health care. I don't think I remember learning about these. If someone knows the answer to any or all of these please comment. Thanks!

GabbyM's Muddiest Point

My muddiest point for this chapter is the difference between bacteriophage and prophage.

11/1

Today in class we got our disease of the day which was TUBERCULOSIS. It is a bacteria that is spread through the air by people and can be treated with antibiotics. after that we were abled to go to a lab station to do a little lab/homework. You should have been abled to finish it in class but if you didnt you still had time at home. This is what we did in class.

NEXT SCRIBE IS PETER FOX.